Failure to Follow PRN Diuretic Order Leads to Significant Weight Loss and Hypokalemia
Summary
The deficiency involves the facility’s failure to ensure a resident was free from significant medication errors when a diuretic, metolazone, was entered and administered as a scheduled daily medication instead of as a PRN medication with specific weight-based parameters. After an acute hospitalization for conditions including acute on chronic CHF, acute respiratory failure with hypoxia, COPD, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, morbid obesity, COVID-19, and MDRO history, the resident was readmitted to the facility. The hospital discharge order specified metolazone 2.5 mg to be taken once daily as needed for pulmonary edema due to chronic heart failure, only when the resident had a weight gain of 5 lbs over baseline, and to be given 30 minutes prior to Lasix. However, when the orders were transcribed into the facility’s EMR on readmission, metolazone was entered as a scheduled daily medication without PRN parameters, and this incorrect order did not match the hospital discharge instructions. The assistant DON, who entered the readmission orders from the hard-copy discharge packet because the phone lines were down and the usual electronic admission process was not used, input metolazone as a daily scheduled medication. The normal process of having two nurses verify and enter orders was not completed; the ADON entered the orders alone, and the second nurse verification did not occur. As a result, nursing staff administered metolazone 2.5 mg daily for eight days, in addition to the resident’s other diuretics (Lasix and spironolactone), without confirming that the resident had experienced the required 5 lb weight gain from baseline. The MAR documented daily administration of metolazone over this period, including on days when no weight was obtained, and on days when the resident’s weight was stable or decreasing rather than increasing. During this time, the resident experienced significant weight loss and symptoms consistent with a change in condition. Weight records showed a decline from approximately 190 lbs prior to hospitalization to 176.6 lbs when the error was identified, reflecting a loss of about 12–14 lbs over a short period. The resident and her representative reported that she became severely weak, excessively tired, and felt she could not regain her strength, with the representative describing the resident as very tired, exhausted, and feeling as though she could not “hang on any longer.” Clinical documentation noted significant weakness, excessive sleepiness during therapy, and that the resident was triggering for significant weight loss. Laboratory testing later showed hypokalemia, with a potassium level of 3.2 mEq/L. Interviews with nursing staff, the DON, the ADON, the PCP, the pharmacist, the resident, and the resident’s representative consistently attributed the resident’s weight loss, weakness, and low potassium at least in part to the erroneous daily administration of metolazone instead of PRN dosing based on weight gain. The facility’s own medication error policy defined a medication error as preparation or administration of medications not in accordance with the prescriber’s order, manufacturer’s specifications, or accepted professional standards, and defined a significant medication error as one that causes resident discomfort or jeopardizes health and safety. In this case, the metolazone order in the EMR did not reflect the prescriber’s PRN order with weight-based parameters, and the medication was administered without verifying the required 5 lb weight gain. The resident’s care plan for diuretic therapy called for administering diuretics as ordered, monitoring for side effects such as fatigue and increased fall risk, and reporting pertinent lab results, including potassium. Staff interviews acknowledged that the error persisted for about eight days, that medication reconciliation was not completed upon readmission, and that the lack of a second nurse verification contributed to the error. The pharmacist and PCP described the effects of metolazone, especially in combination with Lasix, as including electrolyte abnormalities, weight loss, and weakness, and characterized the error as moderate, with the potential to increase electrolyte depletion and require close monitoring.
Penalty
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Staff failed to administer multiple ordered medications, including antihypertensives, carbidopa-levodopa, and carvedilol, to three residents despite the drugs being available in the facility. One resident with severe cognitive impairment and a history of markedly elevated BP missed several doses of multiple antihypertensive agents shortly after admission, while BP readings remained elevated. Another resident with Parkinson’s disease and severe cognitive impairment did not receive several scheduled doses of carbidopa-levodopa, with no documentation of refusal. A third cognitively intact resident with acute systolic heart failure and hypertension did not receive an evening dose of carvedilol even though vital signs were within ordered parameters and the medication was on hand. The DON confirmed that these medications were not administered per physician orders, contrary to facility policies requiring administration as ordered and use of on-hand stock when needed.
A resident with type 2 DM and daily insulin orders, including sliding-scale lispro and scheduled Lantus, received insulin injections from an LPN who did not prime either insulin pen before administration. After confirming the resident’s elevated blood glucose and full meal intake, the LPN dialed specific doses on both lispro and Lantus pens and administered them without priming. In a later interview, the LPN acknowledged not priming the pens, despite manufacturer instructions requiring priming before each injection to remove air and ensure proper pen function.
A resident with small B-cell lymphoma and intact cognition had physician orders for nightly Ibrutinib capsules, including a specified hold period. Review of MARs showed that several doses were not administered on multiple days outside the ordered hold period, and there was no documentation in the record explaining the missed doses. The DON later reported that the pharmacy did not have the medication and believed the oncologist had stopped it, but this was not supported by any written orders or documentation, resulting in a significant medication error.
A resident with severe cognitive impairment and multiple medical conditions, including infection and type II DM, had physician orders for Seroquel via J-tube three times daily and ciprofloxacin via J-tube every 12 hours. Audit review showed that the 9:00 A.M. doses of both medications were repeatedly administered several hours late over multiple days, outside the facility’s stated one-hour-before/after administration window, as confirmed by the DON. Resident Council minutes also reflected complaints about late medications, and facility policy required immediate documentation after medication administration.
The facility failed to prevent significant medication errors for four residents. One resident returned from an outside visit with new orders for an antibiotic that was never documented as administered. Another resident with an indwelling catheter had a positive urine culture for pseudomonas and a physician order for Bactrim DS, but the MAR showed no doses given. A third resident with breast cancer had an oncology prescription for Verzenio that was not acted upon for several weeks despite the resident reporting she should be on a new cancer medication and staff contacting the oncology office without documented follow-up. A fourth resident with DM received Humalog insulin doses on several occasions when blood glucose values were below the ordered parameters, as confirmed by an RN.
Surveyors found that the facility failed to prevent significant medication errors, including administration of morphine and lorazepam without active orders to a hospice resident with severe psychiatric and neurological conditions, as documented in narcotic logs, hospice notes, and electronic messages. Other residents with glaucoma, heart failure, chronic pain, epilepsy, hemiplegia, and vascular dementia missed multiple scheduled 9 p.m. doses of ophthalmic agents, an anticoagulant (Eliquis), and an antiepileptic (topiramate), as shown on MARs and confirmed by a regional clinical director. These actions and omissions occurred despite a facility policy requiring verification of the right resident, medication, dose, time, and route before administration.
Failure to Administer Available Ordered Medications as Prescribed
Penalty
Summary
The deficiency involves the facility’s failure to ensure residents were free from significant medication errors, specifically related to not administering ordered medications despite their availability. One resident with type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and hypokalemia was admitted with a history of chronically elevated systolic blood pressure up to the 190s and had multiple antihypertensive medications ordered from the hospital, including lisinopril, amlodipine, atenolol, hydralazine, and hydrochlorothiazide. Facility physician orders mirrored these medications, but the evening doses of atenolol and hydralazine on the day of admission were not given, and the following day the resident did not receive hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, or the morning doses of amlodipine, hydralazine, and atenolol. Blood pressure readings during this period showed elevated values, including 193/99, and a late-entry nursing note documented that the resident’s blood pressure was elevated and that medications had just arrived from the pharmacy, even though the facility’s Medication Inventory on Hand report showed all ordered antihypertensives were available. Another resident with Parkinson’s disease with dyskinesia, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and gait abnormalities had a hospital order for carbidopa-levodopa 25/100 mg three times daily. The facility’s physician orders continued carbidopa-levodopa three times daily, though it was incorrectly indicated for convulsions. The MAR showed that this resident did not receive the evening and bedtime doses of carbidopa-levodopa on the first day and did not receive the bedtime dose the following day, despite the medication being available per the Medication Inventory on Hand report. Nursing documentation for those days did not indicate that the resident refused the medication, and the DON confirmed that the medication was not administered as ordered. A third resident with acute systolic heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly, and hypertension was discharged from the hospital with an order for carvedilol 6.25 mg twice daily. The facility’s physician order matched this, including parameters to hold the dose if systolic blood pressure was less than 100 or pulse was less than 60. On the day of admission, the resident’s blood pressure and heart rate were within the parameters for administration, but the evening dose of carvedilol was not given according to the MAR. Nursing notes did not document any refusal of the medication, and the Medication Inventory on Hand report showed carvedilol was available. The DON verified that this resident’s medication was also not administered per physician orders. Facility policies required medications to be administered according to written physician orders and directed staff to use on-hand medication supplies when pharmacy medications were not yet available.
Failure to Prime Insulin Pens Before Administration
Penalty
Summary
The deficiency involves the failure to ensure a resident was free from significant medication errors when insulin pens were not primed according to manufacturer instructions prior to administration. The resident had type 2 diabetes mellitus, was moderately cognitively impaired, and had physician orders for multiple insulin regimens, including insulin lispro via sliding scale, a scheduled daily dose of insulin lispro, and a morning dose of Lantus. The resident’s care plan identified a risk for complications and blood glucose fluctuations related to diabetes and insulin use, with an intervention to administer insulin as ordered. On the day of observation, an LPN checked the resident’s blood sugar, which was 332, and confirmed the resident had eaten 100% of breakfast. The LPN then removed the resident’s lispro and Lantus insulin pens from the medication cart, dialed the lispro pen to 34 units and the Lantus pen to 50 units, and did not prime either pen before dialing in the doses. The LPN proceeded to administer both insulin injections without priming. In a subsequent interview, the LPN confirmed that she had not primed the insulin pens prior to administration. Manufacturer instructions for the KwikPen specified that the pen must be primed before each injection to remove air and ensure proper function, outlining specific steps to select 2 units, hold the pen needle-up, tap to collect air bubbles, and push the dose knob until insulin is seen at the needle tip before dialing the prescribed dose.
Failure to Administer Ordered Cancer Medication and Document Missed Doses
Penalty
Summary
The facility failed to ensure a resident was free from significant medication errors when ordered doses of Ibrutinib, a targeted cancer medication for lymphoma, were not administered and lacked documented justification. The resident, who had intact cognition and diagnoses including small B-cell lymphoma, difficulty in walking, need for assistance with personal care, and cardiomegaly, was admitted and later discharged in January. Physician orders directed Ibrutinib 140 mg, three capsules by mouth at bedtime, with one order active from early January until mid-January and a subsequent order active from mid-January with a specified hold period and later discontinuation. Review of the MARs showed that Ibrutinib was not given on multiple dates outside the ordered hold period, and the medical record contained no evidence explaining these missed doses. In an interview, the DON stated that the pharmacy did not have the medication available and that she believed the oncologist had stopped it, but she confirmed that this information was not documented in the medical record, contrary to the facility’s policy requiring medications to be administered in accordance with written prescriber orders. This deficiency was cited as non-compliance under Complaint Numbers 2786595 and 2704190.
Failure to Administer Medications in a Safe and Timely Manner
Penalty
Summary
The deficiency involves the facility’s failure to administer medications in a safe and timely manner for one resident. The resident was admitted for aftercare following explantation of a hip joint prosthesis and had diagnoses including infection and inflammatory reaction due to orthopedic prosthetic devices, acute embolism and thrombosis of deep veins, type II diabetes mellitus, and lumbosacral radiculopathy. The most recent MDS assessment documented that the resident was severely cognitively impaired, rarely or never understood, had no behaviors, and did not reject care. Physician orders included Seroquel (quetiapine fumarate) 12.5 mg via J-tube three times daily for bipolar disorder and ciprofloxacin 750 mg via J-tube every 12 hours for infection. Review of the medication administration audit report showed that on three consecutive days, the 9:00 A.M. doses of Seroquel and ciprofloxacin were administered several hours late: at 12:59 P.M., 12:17 P.M., and 12:32 P.M., respectively. In interview, the DON stated that nurses are expected to administer medications within one hour before or one hour after the scheduled time and confirmed that these medications were given outside the facility’s parameters for safe medication administration. Resident Council minutes from February and March documented resident complaints about medications being administered late. The facility’s policy on documentation of medication administration required that administration be documented immediately after it is given.
Failure to Prevent Significant Medication Errors for Multiple Residents
Penalty
Summary
The deficiency involves the facility’s failure to ensure residents were free from significant medication errors, affecting four residents reviewed for medication administration. One resident with cerebral infarction, left hemiplegia, mood disorder, HTN, and epilepsy was seen at Urgent Care for a widespread rash and excoriation, where Keflex and Diflucan were ordered for a fungal skin infection and candidal intertrigo. The resident returned to the facility with these new orders, but the medical record contained no documentation that Keflex was ever administered as ordered, which was confirmed by the DON. Another resident with DM, Down’s syndrome, Hirschsprung’s disease, morbid obesity, and an indwelling catheter had purulent and grey-green drainage from the catheter site and complained of pain with urination. A UA with reflex culture was ordered, and the culture later showed greater than 100,000 pseudomonas, with a handwritten physician order on the report for Bactrim DS twice daily for seven days. Review of the MAR for that month showed no documentation that Bactrim was administered, and the MDS nurse confirmed the antibiotic was not given as ordered for the urinary tract infection. A third resident with breast cancer, HTN, major depressive disorder, and osteoarthritis had an oncology order and prescription for Verzenio 150 mg PO twice daily for cancer treatment. The resident later told nursing staff she was supposed to be on a new oncology medication, and the oncology office was called with a message left, but there was no documented follow-up or clarification. Subsequent oncology documentation showed the resident still had not received Verzenio, and the drug was not ordered by the facility physician or administered until several weeks after the original prescription date. A fourth resident with acute and chronic respiratory failure with hypoxia, type 2 DM with hyperglycemia, and CKD stage 3 had insulin orders specifying administration only when blood sugar exceeded certain thresholds, yet insulin doses of 18 units and 2 units were administered on multiple dates when blood glucose values were below the ordered parameters. A nurse interview verified that insulin had been given outside the prescribed parameters.
Failure to Prevent Significant Medication Errors and Missed Doses
Penalty
Summary
The deficiency involves the facility’s failure to ensure residents were free from significant medication errors, including administering controlled substances without active orders and failing to administer ordered medications on multiple occasions. One resident with severe psychiatric and neurological diagnoses had PRN orders for morphine sulfate and lorazepam that were discontinued early in the month, with no subsequent active orders. Despite this, controlled substance records showed lorazepam doses documented on two dates later in the month and morphine doses documented on three dates, including the day of the resident’s death, all without active physician orders. Entries on the narcotic logs were illegible. Hospice documentation indicated that a hospice RN visited the resident due to lethargy and minimal responsiveness, discussed medication administration with an LPN, and noted that lorazepam and morphine were administered during the visit. Electronic triage messages showed the LPN informed the hospice NP that the lorazepam order was not active, requested that it be reinstated and increased, and acknowledged that the resident had not been receiving the medication, yet also indicated that medications were on hand and had been given on specific dates. Additional deficiencies were identified for a resident with glaucoma and related eye pressure issues whose multiple ophthalmic medications and an oral medication for high eye pressure were ordered for administration at 9:00 P.M. and twice daily. Review of the MAR for this resident showed that several 9:00 P.M. doses of Latanoprost, Rhopressa, Brimonidine Tartrate, Dorzolamide-Timolol, and Methazolamide were not administered on multiple dates in the same month. The Regional Clinical Director confirmed that these medications were not given at the ordered times on the identified dates. The resident was documented as cognitively intact on the MDS assessment. A further deficiency involved a cognitively intact resident with hypertensive heart disease with heart failure, intervertebral disc degeneration, and chronic pain syndrome who had an order for Eliquis 5 mg at 9:00 P.M. The MAR showed that this anticoagulant was not administered on multiple specified 9:00 P.M. doses in the same month, and the Regional Clinical Director verified the missed doses. Another resident with hemiplegia, epileptic seizures, vascular dementia, and severe cognitive impairment had a long-standing order for topiramate 50 mg daily at 9:00 P.M. for epilepsy. The MAR revealed that the 9:00 P.M. doses of topiramate were not administered on multiple dates in the same month, and the Regional Clinical Director confirmed these missed doses. The facility’s medication administration policy required staff to verify the right resident, medication, dosage, time, and route before administration, but the documented omissions and administration of medications without active orders demonstrate that this process was not consistently followed.
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